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| c. 1000 |
| | | The salt mines of the Sahara provide a staple commodity in the African caravan trade | |
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| 1062 |
| | | Berber tribesmen, the Almoravids, establish a base at Marrakech from which they conquer northwest Africa and move into Spain | |
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| c. 1100 |
| | | Greek texts, translated by Arabic scholars in Baghdad, gradually make their way through the Muslim world to Christian Europe | |
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| 1147 |
| | | Rival Berber tribesmen, the Almohads, evict the Almoravids from Marrakech and soon conquer the whole north African coast | |
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| 1147 |
| | | Seville falls to the Almohads, from north Africa, who make it their Spanish capital | |
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| 1171 |
| | | Saladin deposes the Fatimid caliph and brings Egypt back to orthodoxy, acknowledging the rule of the Sunni caliph in Baghdad | |
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| c. 1180 |
| | | In Cairo the Jewish philosoper Moses Maimonides writes, in Arabic, a much translated text with the endearing title Guide to the Perplexed | |
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| 1219 |
| | | St Francis of Assisi joins a crusading army in Egypt and attempts to convert the sultan Melek-el-Kamel and his followers to Christianity | |
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| 1250 |
| | | The last sultan of Saladin's dynasty is murdered by slaves in the palace guard, and Mameluke rule is reintroduced in Egypt | |
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| 1269 |
| | | The Marinids, a Berber tribe, take Marrakech and bring to an end Almohad rule in Morocco | |
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